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| * [[/introduction to electronics/]] | | * [[/introduction to electronics/]] |
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| Here you find learning material in the form of circuit simulations, that lead you to the understanding of amplifiers and other signal conditioning circuits that we use throughout the course. Feel free to experiment with them, they are editable and saved via the encoded URL. You cannot destroy them and it is easy to share edited versions. [http://bait-consulting.com/publications/circuit_simulator_manual.pdf Here] is an introduction to the circuit simulator.
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| * The foundation of understanding electric circuits is Ohm's law.
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| [http://tinyurl.com/y579oadd Ohm's Law]
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| * A very powerful concept is the voltage divider, it allows us to attenuate (but not amplify!) any voltage in any circuit
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| [http://tinyurl.com/yxhsk8sc voltage divider with even resistors]
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| * We will use the OpAmp (=operational amplifier) to amplify the small signals from our microphones to usable and less noisy signals before we digitize them in the computer
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| [http://tinyurl.com/yxrdh8gx opamp as a comparator]
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| [http://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html?cct=$+1+0.000005+10.20027730826997+50+5+43%0Ag+-384+-48+-384+-32+0%0Av+-384+-48+-384+-128+0+1+100+5+0+0+0.5%0Ag+-272+-48+-272+-32+0%0Ax+-496+-235+-330+-232+4+18+The%5CsSource%5CsFollower%0Ax+-506+33+181+36+4+12+Once%5Csyou%5Csapply%5Csa%5Csfeedback%5Cspath%5Csfrom%5Csthe%5Csopamp's%5Csoutput%5Csto%5Csthe%5Csnegative%5Csinput,%5Csthe%5Csoutput%5Csvoltage%5Csdirectly%5Csfollws%5Csthe%5Csinput%5Csvoltage.%0Ax+-506+57+-440+60+4+12+Why%5Csis%5Csthat?%0Ax+-506+82+-3+85+4+12+When%5Csthe%5Cssinwave%5Csof%5Csthe%5Cspositive%5Csinput%5Csgoes%5Csup,%5Csthe%5Csoutput%5Cswill%5Csalso%5Csgo%5Csup%5Cs(with%5Csvery%5Cshigh%5Csgain).%0Ax+-509+109+299+112+4+12+%5CsBut%5Cssince%5Csthis%5Cshigh%5Csgain%5Cssignal%5Csis%5Csreflected%5Csback%5Csto%5Csthe%5Csnegative%5Csinput%5Csit%5Cswill%5Cscounteract%5Cson%5Csthe%5Csoutput,%5Csforcing%5Csthe%5Csoutput%5Cseven%5Csmore%5Csto%5Csthe%5Csminus%5Csdirection.%5Cs%0Aa+-384+-144+-272+-144+8+15+-15+1000000+2.8621324318134485+2.8621610531377666+100000%0Ap+-272+-144+-272+-48+1+0%0Aw+-272+-144+-240+-144+0%0A207+-240+-144+-192+-144+0+output%0A207+-384+-128+-416+-128+0+input%0Aw+-272+-144+-272+-208+0%0Aw+-272+-208+-384+-208+0%0Aw+-384+-208+-384+-160+0%0Ax+-508+134+367+137+4+12+However,%5Csfeedback%5Csis%5Csan%5Csendless%5Csprocess%5Csand%5Csas%5Cssuch%5Csthe%5Csforce%5Csto%5Csthe%5Csminus%5Csdirection%5Cswill%5Csbe%5Csreflected%5Csback%5Csto%5Csthe%5Csinput%5Csagain,%5Csforcing%5Csthe%5Csoutput%5Csto%5Csbe%5Cspositive%5Csagain.%0Ax+-510+164+175+167+4+12+All%5Csthose%5Cspositive%5Csand%5Csnegative%5Csforces%5Cswill%5Csmagically%5Cssum%5Csup%5Csin%5Csevery%5Csmoment%5Csin%5Cstime,%5Csforcing%5Csthe%5Csoutput%5Csto%5Csexactly%5Csfollow%5Csthe%5Csinput!%0Ax+-510+195+87+198+4+12+This%5Cscircuit%5Csis%5Csalso%5Cscalled%5Csa%5Cs%22buffer%22%5Cssince%5Csit%5Cscan%5Csbe%5Csused%5Csto%5Csrepeat%5Csa%5Csweak%5Cssignal.%5CsMeaning%5Csamplifiying%5Csthe%5Cscurrent,%5Cs%0Ax+-511+222+-63+225+4+12+since%5Csthe%5Csopamp%5Cscan%5Csprovide%5Csmore%5Cscurrent%5Csat%5Csthe%5Csouput%5Csthen%5Csis%5Csavailable%5Csat%5Csits%5Csinputs.%0Ao+9+64+0+4098+20+0.1+0+3+1+0+1+3%0A stabilized opamp as a source follower]
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| [http://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html?cct=$+1+0.000005+10.20027730826997+50+5+43%0Ag+-304+16+-304+32+0%0Av+-448+16+-448+-64+0+1+100+1+0+0+0.5%0Ax+-411+-158+-231+-155+4+18+The%5CsInverting%5CsAmplifier%0Aa+-304+0+-192+0+8+15+-15+1000000+0.00009213554917863564+0+100000%0Aw+-192+0+-160+0+0%0A207+-160+0+-112+0+0+output%0Aw+-192+0+-192+-64+0%0Aw+-304+-64+-304+-16+0%0Ar+-288+-64+-208+-64+0+10000%0Aw+-288+-64+-304+-64+0%0Aw+-208+-64+-192+-64+0%0Ar+-448+-64+-304+-64+0+1000%0Ag+-448+16+-448+32+0%0Ax+-365+72+-208+75+4+12+Gain%5Cs%5Cq%5CsR2%5Cs/%5CsR1%5Cs%5Cq%5Cs10k/1K%5Cs%5Cq%5Cs10%0Ao+1+64+0+4098+5+0.1+0+2+1+3%0Ao+5+64+0+4099+10+0.00009765625+1+2+5+3%0A Inverting Opamp]
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| [http://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html?cct=$+1+0.000005+10.20027730826997+50+5+43%0Ag+-448+112+-448+128+0%0Av+-448+112+-448+32+0+1+100+1+0+0+0.5%0Ax+-411+-158+-192+-155+4+18+The%5CsNon-Inverting%5CsAmplifier%0Aa+-304+0+-192+0+8+15+-15+1000000+0.1842741783321202+0.18429444849173673+100000%0Aw+-192+0+-160+0+0%0A207+-160+0+-112+0+0+output%0Aw+-192+0+-192+-64+0%0Aw+-304+-64+-304+-16+0%0Aw+-448+32+-448+16+0%0Ar+-288+-64+-208+-64+0+10000%0Aw+-288+-64+-304+-64+0%0Aw+-208+-64+-192+-64+0%0Ar+-448+-64+-304+-64+0+1000%0Aw+-448+16+-304+16+0%0Ag+-448+-64+-448+-32+0%0Ax+-365+72+-168+75+4+12+Gain%5Cs%5Cq%5Cs1%5Cs%5Cp%5CsR2%5Cs/%5CsR1%5Cs%5Cq%5Cs1%5Cs%5Cp%5Cs10k/1K%5Cs%5Cq%5Cs11%0Ao+1+64+0+4098+5+0.1+0+2+1+3%0Ao+5+64+0+4099+20+0.00009765625+1+2+5+3%0A Non-Inverting Opamp]
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| ===The concept of a Transformer Microphone=== | | ===The concept of a Transformer Microphone=== |
