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* The foundation of understanding electric circuits is Ohm's law. | * The foundation of understanding electric circuits is Ohm's law. | ||
[http:// | [http://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html?cct=$+1+0.000005+10.20027730826997+50+5+43%0Ar+-240+-48+-64+-48+0+1000%0Av+-240+32+-240+-48+0+0+40+5+0+0+0.5%0A370+-64+-48+-64+32+1+0%0Ax+1+34+255+37+4+18+I%5Cs%5Cq%5CsU%5Cs/%5CsR%5Cs%5Cq%5Cs5%5CsV%5Cs/%5Cs1%5CskOhm%5Cs%5Cq%5Cs5%5CsmA%0Ax+-311+-88+330+-85+4+18+This%5Csshows%5Cshow%5Csto%5Cscalculate%5Csthe%5Cscurrent%5Csrunning%5Csthrough%5Csa%5Csresistor%5Csby%5CsOhm's%5Cslaw.%0Ax+-315+101+243+104+4+12+The%5Csvoltage%5Cssource%5Cson%5Csthe%5Csleft%5Cshas%5Cs5V,%5Cswhich%5Csforce%5Csa%5Cscurrent%5Csto%5Csrun%5Csthrough%5Csthe%5Csresistor%5Cswith%5Cs1000%5CsOhms.%0Ax+-317+127+114+130+4+12+%5CsThe%5Csresistor%5Cslimits%5Csthe%5Cscurrent%5Csto%5Cs5%5CsmA%5Cs(milli-Ampleres)%5Csaccording%5Csto%5CsOhm's%5Cslaw.%0Ax+-1+-6+67+-3+4+18+U%5Cs%5Cq%5CsR%5Cs*%5CsI%0Aw+-240+32+-240+48+0%0Aw+-240+48+-64+48+0%0Aw+-64+48+-64+32+0%0Ap+-304+-48+-304+48+1+0%0Aw+-304+48+-240+48+0%0Aw+-304+-48+-240+-48+0%0Ax+-310+-138+-227+-135+4+18+Ohm's%5Cslaw%0Ao+2+64+0+4099+0.0000762939453125+0.00625+0+2+2+3%0A Ohm's Law] | ||
* We can calculate series and parallel resistances with Ohm's law: | |||
[http://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html?cct=$+1+0.000005+45.7144713268909+50+5+43%0Ax+-483+108+-368+111+4+16+R_tot%5Cs%5Cq%5CsR1%5Cs%5Cp%5CsR2%0Ax+-469+-262+-224+-259+4+18+Series%5Csand%5CsParallel%5CsResistance%0Ax+-483+57+-330+60+4+12+Series%5CsResistances%5Csadd%5Csup!%0Ax+-501+-140+-485+-137+4+12+R1%0Ax+-500+-53+-484+-50+4+12+R2%0Ar+-464+-96+-464+16+0+1000%0Ar+-464+-192+-464+-96+0+1000%0A216+-400+16+-400+-192+0+0.01%0Aw+-400+-192+-464+-192+0%0Aw+-464+16+-400+16+0%0Aw+-96+16+-16+16+0%0Aw+-16+-192+-96+-192+0%0A216+64+16+64+-192+0+0.01%0Ar+-176+-192+-176+16+0+1000%0Ar+-96+-192+-96+16+0+1000%0Ax+-134+-84+-118+-81+4+12+R2%0Ax+-216+-86+-200+-83+4+12+R1%0Ax+-181+55+48+58+4+12+Parallel%5CsResistances%5Cshave%5Csan%5Csinverse%5Cslaw:%0Ax+-177+104+132+107+4+16+1%5Cs/%5CsR_tot%5Cs%5Cq%5Cs1/R1%5Cs%5Cp%5Cs1/R2%5Cs%5Cp%5Cs1/R3%5Cs%5Cp%5Cs...%5Cs%5Cp%5Cs1/R_n%0Aw+-176+-192+-96+-192+0%0Aw+-176+16+-96+16+0%0Ar+-16+-192+-16+16+0+1000%0Aw+-16+-192+64+-192+0%0Aw+-16+16+64+16+0%0Ax+-50+-84+-34+-81+4+12+R2%0A series and parallel resistances] | |||
* A very powerful concept is the voltage divider, it allows us to attenuate (but not amplify!) any voltage in any circuit | * A very powerful concept is the voltage divider, it allows us to attenuate (but not amplify!) any voltage in any circuit | ||
[http://tinyurl.com/yxhsk8sc voltage divider with even resistors] | [http://tinyurl.com/yxhsk8sc voltage divider with even resistors] | ||
[http://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html?cct=$+1+0.000005+10.20027730826997+50+5+43% | * The capacitor is an inportant building block, which can store charge over a given amount of time. | ||
[http://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html?cct=$+1+0.000005+10.20027730826997+50+5+43%0Av+-112+16+-112+-64+0+2+10+5+0+0+0.5%0Ax+-208+68+64+71+4+12+Capacitors%5Csstore%5Cscharge%5Csover%5Csa%5Cscertain%5Cstime%5Csspan.%5Cs%0Ax+-95+-157+0+-154+4+20+Capacitors%0Aw+-208+16+-112+16+0%0Aw+-112+16+32+16+0%0Ar+32+16+32+-64+0+1000%0Ac+-112+-64+32+-64+0+0.000002+-4.9914229719235905%0Ap+96+-64+96+16+1+0%0Aw+32+-64+96+-64+0%0Aw+32+16+96+16+0%0Ap+-208+-64+-208+16+1+0%0Aw+-208+-64+-112+-64+0%0Ax+-208+142+189+145+4+12+In%5Csa%5Csreal-world%5Csscenario%5Csthey%5Cswill%5Csalways%5Csdischarge%5Csbecause%5Csof%5Csleackage.%5Cs%0Ax+-209+93+221+96+4+12+The%5Csamount%5Csof%5Cscharge,%5Csthey%5Cscan%5Cshold,%5Csdepends%5Cson%5Cstheir%5Cssize%5Csgiven%5Csin%5CsFarads%5Cs(F).%0Ax+-209+116+188+119+4+12+The%5Csbigger%5Cstheir%5Cscapacity%5Cs(F),%5Csthe%5Cslonger%5Csthey%5Csneed%5Csto%5Cscharge%5Csor%5Csdischarge.%0Ax+-208+171+287+174+4+12+In%5Csa%5Cscircuit%5Cstheir%5Cscharge%5Csand%5Csdischarge%5Cstimes%5Csare%5Cscontrolled%5Cswith%5Csa%5Csseries%5Csor%5Csparallel%5Csresistor.%0Ao+10+8+0+4098+5+0.1+0+1%0Ao+6+8+0+4098+5+0.1+1+2+6+3%0Ao+7+8+0+4098+10+0.1+2+1%0A Capacitors] | |||
* In printed electronics, we use capacitors to detect the presence of fingers by a change in capacitance | |||
[http://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html?cct=$+1+0.000005+10.20027730826997+50+5+43%0Av+-112+16+-112+-64+0+2+400+5+0+0+0.5%0Ax+-208+68+-1+71+4+12+Fast%5Cssignals%5Cspass%5Csthrough%5Cscapacitors!%0Ax+-206+-135+-34+-132+4+20+Capacitive%5CsSensors%0Aw+-112+16+32+16+0%0Ar+32+16+32+-64+0+1000%0Ac+-112+-64+32+-64+0+1e-9+-5%0Ax+-211+145+340+148+4+12+When%5Cswe%5Csapproach%5Csthis%5Csplate%5Cswith%5Csour%5Csfingers,%5Csit%5Csforms%5Csa%5Cssecond%5Csplate%5Csand%5Csincreases%5Csthe%5Cscapacitance,%0Ax+-209+93+213+96+4+12+The%5Csamplitude%5Csof%5Csthe%5Cssignal%5Csthat%5Cspasses,%5Csdepends%5Cson%5Csthe%5Cssize%5Csof%5Csthe%5Cscapacitor.%0Ax+-209+116+141+119+4+12+With%5Cscapacitove%5Cssensors,%5Cswe%5Csprint%5Csonly%5Csone%5Csplate%5Csof%5Csthe%5Cscapacitor.%0Ax+-208+171+95+174+4+12+which%5Csin%5Csturns%5Csamplifies%5Csthe%5Cssignal%5Csthat%5Cspasses%5Csthrough.%0Ax+-208+197+71+200+4+12+We%5Cscan%5Csmeasure%5Csthis%5Cssignal%5Cswith%5Csa%5Csmicro%5Cscontroller!%0Ao+0+8+0+4098+5+0.1+0+2+0+3%0Ao+4+8+0+4098+5+0.1+1+2+4+3%0A Capacitive Sensors] | |||
* Here is a circuit for driving an LED: | |||
[http://www.falstad.com/circuit/circuitjs.html?cct=$+1+0.000005+10.20027730826997+50+5+43%0Ar+-240+-48+-144+-48+0+100%0Av+-240+32+-240+-48+0+0+40+5+0+0+0.5%0A370+-64+-48+-64+32+1+0%0Ax+-315+101+405+104+4+12+For%5Csdriving%5Csan%5CsLED%5Cswithout%5Csdestroying%5Csit,%5Csyou%5Csneed%5Csto%5Csadd%5Csa%5Csseries%5Csreistor%5Cs(R).%5CsTo%5Cscalculate%5Csthe%5Cscorrect%5Csresistance,%5Csuse%5Csthe%5Csformula%5Csabove!%0Ax+41+-55+160+-52+4+18+R%5Cs%5Cq%5Cs(Vs%5Cs-%5CsVf)%5Cs/%5CsI%0Aw+-240+32+-240+48+0%0Aw+-240+48+-64+48+0%0Aw+-64+48+-64+32+0%0Ap+-304+-48+-304+48+1+0%0Aw+-304+48+-240+48+0%0Aw+-304+-48+-240+-48+0%0Ax+-88+-159+33+-156+4+18+Driving%5Csan%5CsLED%0Ad+-144+-48+-64+-48+2+old-default-led%0Ap+-144+-96+-64+-96+1+0%0Aw+-144+-96+-144+-48+0%0Aw+-64+-96+-64+-48+0%0Aw+-240+-48+-240+-96+0%0Ap+-240+-96+-144+-96+1+0%0Ax+43+-23+185+-20+4+12+Vs%5Cs...%5Csvoltage%5Csof%5Csthe%5Cssource%0Ax+44+6+332+9+4+12+Vf%5Cs...%5Csforward%5Csvoltage%5Csdrop%5Csof%5Csthe%5CsLED%5Cs(from%5Csdatasheet)%0Ax+45+32+434+35+4+12+I...%5Csdesired%5Cscurrent%5Csthrough%5CsLED%5Cs(below%5Csmaximum%5Cscurrent%5Csfrom%5Csdatasheet)%0Ao+2+64+0+4099+0.0000762939453125+0.1+0+2+2+3%0A LED circuit] |