Maker culture
"The maker culture is a contemporary subculture representing a technology-based extension of DIY culture[citation needed] that intersects with hacker culture (which is less concerned with physical objects as it focuses on software) and revels in the creation of new devices as well as tinkering with existing ones." -- wikipedia
Maker Culture could be associated with the first programmable computing machine, built by Konrad Zuse in 1945, and traced back to 1952, when researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) wired an early digital computer to a milling machine, creating the first numerically controlled machine tool (Gershenfeld 2012). Also, it is not imaginable without the RepRap Project started in 2005, which explores the idea of a self-printing computing machine.
DIY bio
"Do-it-yourself biology (DIY biology, DIY bio) is a growing biotechnological social movement in which individuals, communities, and small organizations study biology and life science using the same methods as traditional research institutions." -- wikipedia
References
- Papadopoulos, D. (2014). “Generation M. Matter, Makers, Microbiomes: Compost for Gaia” in Revista Teknokultura, Vol. 11(3), 637-645. Available at https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/TEKN/article/download/48166/45048 (Accessed 1 February 2020).
- Hackteria, https://www.hackteria.org/ (Accessed 2 June 2021).
- RepRap project from 2005 at https://reprap.org/wiki/RepRap (Accessed: 6 December 2020).
- “Art Hack Day” during the Transmediale 2014 festival in Berlin. Available at https://archive.transmediale.de/content/art-hack-day-berlin-afterglow (Accessed 2 June 2021).