Transgenic Organism. Plant cloning
Transgenic organisms
Genetically modified organisms or “Transgenic organisms are able to express foreign genes because the genetic code is similar for all organisms. This means that a specific DNA sequence will code for the same protein in all organisms. Due to this similarity in protein sequence, scientists can cut DNA at these common protein points and add other genes. An example of this is the "super mice" of the 1980s. These mice were able to produce the human protein tPA to treat blood clots.”
mythological hybrids
Pegasus, Centaur, mermaids, Minotaur. “In mythology, folklore and speculative fiction, shapeshifting, or metamorphosis is the ability of an entity to physically transform into another being or form. This is usually achieved through an inherent faculty of a mythological creature, divine intervention, or the use of magic spells or talismans.”(wikipedia)
Source: Wikipedia
Source: Wikipedia
Selective breeding
"If the creation of dogs has long historical roots, more recent but equally integrated into our daily experience is our use of hybrid living organisms. A case in point is the well-known work of botanist and scientist Luther Burbank (1849-1926) who invented many new fruits, plants, and flowers [9]. In 1871, for example, he developed the Burbank potato (also known as the Idaho potato)." (Kac 1998)
Genetic engineering
"there is a clear distinction between breeding and genetic engineering. Breeders manipulate indirectly the natural processes of gene selection and mutation that occur in nature. Breeders are unable, therefore, to turn genes on or off with precision or to create hybrids with genomic material so distinct as that of a dog and a jellyfish. In this sense, a distinctive trait of transgenic art is that the genetic material is manipulated directly: the foreign DNA is precisely integrated into the host genome. In addition to genetic transfer of existing genes from one species to another, we can also speak of "artist's genes," i.e., chimeric genes or new genetic information completely created by the artist through the complementary bases A (adenine) and T (thymine) or C (cytosine) and G (guanine)." (Kac 1998)
"The foreign DNA may be expressed as extrachromosomal satellite DNA or it may be integrated into the cellular chromosomes. Every living organism has a genetic code that can be manipulated, and the recombinant DNA can be passed on to the next generations." (Kac 1998)
"Among the most important tools in the genetic engineer's tool kit are enzymes that perform specific functions on DNA. .. enzymes known as ligases join the ends of two DNA fragments. These and other enzymes enable the manipulation and amplification of DNA, essential components in joining the DNA of two unrelated organisms."(Fenwick 2004)
Methods for genetically modified plants
- man mischt vereinzelte Zellen mit DNA Molekülen
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Boden Bakterien, die Bakterien kommen aus der Natur, sie greifen die Pflanzen an wenn die verletzt sind; die infizieren die Pflanzen mit DNA; damit entsteht ein Tumor/callus; durch diese Bakterien genetisch verändert werden; die Bakterien haben in der Zeit ein Gen/Bauplan für ein eiweiss, damit die pflanzen dieses Eiweiß produzieren und die Bakterien fressen da; Kwass Nahrung mittel; man nennt dieses Phänomen genetische Kolonisation). Zufall. Bakterien machen Verbindungskanäle mit Injektion von DNA. Woher kann man die DNA Teile bestimmen
- CRISPR/Cas9. Methode damit man ganz genau bestimmen wo die neue DNA eingebaut wird
Plant cloning HOWTO
man kann von einer Pflanze Millionen klonierten Pflanzen züchten. das wichtigste ist eine Zelle zu haben.
- pflanzen Blatter ins enyzm geben (Cellulase Macerozyme)
- enzyme kommen von microorganismen und die teilen die zellen (fressen zellenwände)
- zellverband zerstören und auflösen damit wir einzelne Zellen naher haben
- wenn das Milieu lebend/gut/günstig ist, können wir diese Zellen durch Teilung vermehren
- am Anfang sieht man Callus (undifferenziertes pflanzen Gewebe)
- man braucht bestimmte pflanzenhormonmischung um daraus Mehrstoff
- um ein Richtiges/siehtbares Pflanzen zu haben braucht man schon ein paar Monate. Und dafür sollte bestimmtes PH, Temperatur, Licht usw stehen
- Wenn da zu viele Zellen sind, muss man erst zentrifugieren/waschen damit die Zellen vereinzelt werden könnten. Um das Milieu (=Umwelt / nährlösung / Licht Temperatur / Belüftung)
Projects
- GloFish, the first genetically modified animal to be sold as a pet
- Revital Cohen and Tuur Van Balen, Sterile. In Sterile, albino goldfish were engineered to hatch without reproductive organs. Following a long collaboration, an edition of 45 goldfish was produced for the artists by Professor Yamaha in his laboratory in Hokkaido, Japan. The fish were not conceived as animals but made as objects, unable to partake in the biological cycle. http://www.cohenvanbalen.com/work/sterile
- Eduardo Kac. GFP Bunny. http://www.ekac.org/gfpbunny.html
- Eduardo Kac. Natural history of the Enigma. Edunia. "The new flower is a Petunia strain that I invented and produced through molecular biology. It is not found in nature. The Edunia has red veins on light pink petals and a gene of mine is expressed on every cell of its red veins, i.e., my gene produces a protein in the veins only [2]. The gene was isolated and sequenced from my blood. The petal pink background, against which the red veins are seen, is evocative of my own pinkish white skin tone. The result of this molecular manipulation is a bloom that creates the living image of human blood rushing through the veins of a flower." http://www.ekac.org/nat.hist.enig.html
- iGEM Competition. The iGEM Competition is the premiere student competition in Synthetic Biology. Since 2004, participants of the competition have experienced education, teamwork, sharing, and more in a unique competition setting. Multidisciplinary teams work all summer long to build genetically engineered systems using standard biological parts called Biobricks. http://igem.org/
- Super Cell. The project Super Cell is a fictional supermarket offering speculative products, which are all based on Synthetic Biology. The projects aims to improve public awareness about Synthetic Biology and at the same time, foster a debate on how we want to see it manifested in our everyday lives. Implications of Biotechnologies are usually discussed on a philosophical, ethical, legal or possibly religious level. https://vimeo.com/39653216 http://super-cell.org/
GFP Bunny. Source: ekac.org
Edunia. Source: ekac.org
References
- Ann Fenwick (2004). How Do You Make A Transgenic Plant? Available at: http://cls.casa.colostate.edu/transgeniccrops/how.html (Accessed 15 December 2015).
- Eduardo Kac (1998). Transgenic Art. Available at: http://www.ekac.org/transgenic.html (Accessed 15 December 2015)
- wikipedia (2015a). Transgenesis. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenesis (Accessed 15 December 2015)
- wikipedia (2015b). Shapeshifting. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapeshifting (Accessed 15 December 2015)